Implications of Community Based Tourism (CBT) towards

Community Welfare at around Teluk Kiluan Beach Tanggamus

Regency Lampung Province

Neli Aida

, Agus Suman

, Rachmad Kresna Sakti

and Susilo

Faculty of Economics and Bisnis, Universitas lampung, Lampung –Indonesia

Faculty of Economics and Bisnis, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang-Indonesia

Keywords: Community-Based Tourism, Coastal Tourism, Economic, Non-Economic Implications

Abstract: Community-based tourism is a form of participatory tourism management, aimed at reviewing the

application of the principles of Community Based Tourism (CBT) in tourism development on Teluk Kiluan

Beach and knowing its implications for the welfare of the surrounding community. This study uses a

qualitative approach at Teluk Kiluan Tanggamus Beach research site in Lampung Province, and conducts

primary data collection with interviews, in-depth interviews, and observations from key informants and

other supporting informants then as a validity test. The results of the study show that CBT in developing

coastal tourism on Teluk Kiluan applies economic principles and non-economic principles (social, cultural,

political and institutional). The economic dimension of the implications of CBT on the welfare of the

communities around the Gulf coast is characterized by: absorption of local labor, development of business

units, doubling of people's income, and growing and developing new investors. Improving education,

quality of life, changes in social values, freedom of action, environmental sustainability and the involvement

of institutional strengths are the implications of implementing CBT on non-economic welfare of the

community.

1 INTRODUCTION

In general, tourism development is directed as a

mainstay sector to encourage economic growth,

increase regional income, empower the economy of

the community, expand employment and business

opportunities, and increase the introduction and

marketing of products in order to improve people's

welfare (Tsundoda and Mendlinger. 2009).

Tourism development in a country is closely

related to the positive impacts and negative impacts

that arise. Tourism has a positive impact, which

includes expanding employment opportunities,

increasing people's income, and earning foreign

exchange. While the negative impacts of tourism

include cultural commercialization, foreign

exchange leakage, environmental damage, a shift in

the system of values, norms and social institutions,

and the occurrence of new imperialism that arises in

tourist destinations.

The World Bank (2013) reported that the tourism

industry's foreign exchange leakage rates in

developing countries reached 55% - 60%. The

causes of foreign exchange leaks include (1) foreign

investment in the hospitality sector and other sectors

in the tourism industry, (2) management fees, (3)

franchise fees, (4) technology assistance, (5)

imported goods, and (6) promotion costs throughout

the world (Mathieson and Wall, 1990).

Efforts to optimize positive impacts and

minimize various negative impacts of tourism,

tourism development is needed that is more pro-

people around tourism objects, empowers local

wisdom which is then known as CBT. In Indonesia,

the application of CBT is stated in Law Number 10

of 2009 concerning Tourism, in Chapter III article 5

namely the Implementation Principle of Tourism is

to empower local communities.

CBT is a condition towards sustainable tourism.

Inskeep (1994: 8) argues that sustainable tourism

development emphasizes community aspects.

Suansri (2003: 22) underlines that CBT is a

Aida, N., Suman, A., Sakti, R. and Susilo, .

Implications of Community Based Tourism (CBT) towards Community Welfare at around Teluk Kiluan Beach Tanggamus Regency Lampung Province.

DOI: 10.5220/0009503805050511

In Proceedings of the 1st Unimed International Conference on Economics Education and Social Science (UNICEES 2018), pages 505-511

ISBN: 978-989-758-432-9

505

manifestation of the sustainable tourism

implementation.

Furthermore, some of the objectives to be

achieved in this study are aimed at examining the

application of the principles of CBT in tourism

development on Teluk Kiluan Beach and knowing

its implications for the welfare of the surrounding

community.

Theoretically this research not only produces

findings about the application of the principles of

CBT on coastal tourism, but also finds changes in

society economically and non-economically. New

indicators regarding the application of the principle

of CBT as a critique of the principle of CBT used so

far.Thus, these findings are an important part of the

development of tourism development theories using

a combination of Adaptacy Platform and

Knowledge-Base Platform approaches.

2 THEORICAL FRAMEWORK

From the aspect of community development and a

tourism industry, CBT has various advantages.

However, implementing the CBT model is very

dependent on the characteristics and conditions of

the people in tourist destinations so that the model

for implementing CBT in one region can be

different.

As a tourism model, CBT contributes to the

economic development of rural communities or

those living in small cities, low living standards,

direct involvement of the community, including

cultural and environmental preservation (Goodwin

and Santili, 2009: 4).

The statement of Tasci et al (2003: 10-11) in line

with Goodwin and Santili (2009), states that the

concept of CBT is intended to increase economic

growth, involving the poor who traditionally live as

farmers or fishermen, living from generation to

generation in potential areas for tourism

development. The development of CBT is intended

to provide opportunities for local indigenous people

with weak strength in various accesses available in

the world of tourism.

CBT results are expected to be able to improve

people's lives for the better. The goal of managing

CBT through a community approach is in line with

the form of sustainable tourism management by

involving the community and local informal figures

as the backbone of local tourism development. This

approach aims to provide direct economic benefits to

the community to improve their lives in the context

of poverty alleviation.

CBT emphasizes the participation and awareness

of the local community through community

empowerment and independence to develop tourism

in a sustainable manner. The strategy for developing

CBT is carried out in an integrated manner such as

in handling natural and environmental conservation

in areas that are potential as tourist destinations,

involving local communities. By providing

education and training sustainably, the community is

prepared to enter the world of tourism and play an

active role in tourism activities.

Conceptually CBT is based on a number of

things as follows: (1) participatory approaches to the

community and including community ownership as

partners in tourism development, (2) involving them

as active managers and, (3) tourism results utilized

to improve welfare to alleviate poverty ( Armstrong,

2012: 2; Giampiccoli and Kalis, 2012: 174; Sebele,

2010: 137). CBT is carried out with constructive

strategies, based on the following basic principles:

(1) empowering communities through private or

group ownership in tourism development, (2)

involving the community in every CBT activity, (3)

developing community pride, (4 ) improve the

quality of life of the local community, (5) ensure

environmental preservation, (6) maintain the

uniqueness and social characteristics of the local

culture, (7) facilitate the development of socio-

cultural learning, (8) respect cultural differences (9)

distribute profits equitably to community members

(10) tourism income is distributed equitably

(Godwin and Santilli; 2009: 5-6).

Todaro and Stephen (2006) to discribe the

principle of developing CBT like developmen in

general can be categorized as providing benefits to

the community, namely: (1) in the form of economy,

namely economic growth itself and the impact

enjoyed in the form of increasing community

income and its impact on poverty alleviation, the

opportunity for the community to participate in

tourism development owned by the community, (2)

cultural preservation as an impact of tourism

management involving the community, community

involvement in cultural preservation, (3) community

participation involved in social activities arising

from joint activities carried out by the community,

and the emergence of community awareness levels

(4) the emergence of public awareness and political

rights as a result of interactive activities carried out

by the government, (5) learning to the public about

the importance of understanding management in the

development of tourism where the community is a

backbone of tourism activities. (6) Assessment of

attractions, namely to carry out in-depth analysis of

every detail of the attraction, including the quality of

attractions, namely to carry out in-depth analysis of

every detail of the attraction, including the quality of

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attractions and targeted tourist targets, (7) Establish

Objectives, namely determining the desired target to

be achieved by each business unit, supplemented by

analysis of costs and benefits want to be achieved,

(8) Impact Analysis, namely determining all

potential and the amount of costs that will be

incurred to make the impact of analysis and planning

to minimize the costs borne, (9) Business Plan,

which is making business plans about achieving

targets to be achieved each year and determine the

financial resources that will be used in business

activities, (10) Marketing Plan, namely making a

marketing strategy in accordance with the goals to

be achieved for each business unit or production,

and (11) monitor the achievement of predetermined

product sales targets. The principles of CBT

development as presented in Table 1.

Table 1 : The principles of CBT

No. Indicator Principle Source

1. Economy

The economic growth of the poor increases, increases

economic growth and benefits, opening of

employment opportunities, poverty alleviation,

inclusion of community ownership, income from

tourism management, improve community welfare,

poverty alleviation, tourism contribution to the

community, improve the quality of life of the

community, distributing profits fairly, support the

development of community ownership for the purpose

of CBT

Taski et al (2013),

Giampicolli and Kalis

(2013)

Yoppe (1996)

Amstrong et al (2012)

Godwin dan Santili

(2009)

2. Cultural

Cultural preservation, develop community pride,

maintaining the unique character and local culture,

facilitating the development of intercultural learning,

respecting cultural differences and human dignity,

empowerment towards Independence

Joppe (1996),

Godwin dan Santili

(2009)

3. Social

Include the community in CBT activities

Approach with participatory patterns

Increase community social awareness

Godman and Santili

(2009)

Yoppe (1996),

Amstrong et al.

4. Politic

Involving community leaders, the role of the

government

Yoppe (1996)

Management

Planning, organizing, communication with the

communit

, work pro

rams, impact anal

sis

Taski et al (2013),

Source: Researcher (data processed, 2017)

3 RESEARCH METHOD

The terminology of qualitative research is research

strategies using triangulation (Moleong,2002: 20-21)

so that research is carried out in depth and

comprehensively in an object of research (Creswell,

J. W. 2007). The research on the application of CBT

on the Teluk Kiluan coastal tourism object and how

the implications caused by the application of the

CBT principle will be answered by this qualitative

research method.

The research locus was determined purposively

in Teluk Kiluan Beach Tourism. Some reasons for

choosing Teluk Kiluan Beach are because (1) it is

one of the tourism development areas in Lampung

Province, (2) In Teluk Kiluan there are varied

developments mainly from management aspects, and

(3) Tanggamus District Government policies and

Provinces as regions superior community-based

beach tourism.

Primary data collection is done by structured

interviews, using questionnaires, and in-depth

interviews using interview guidance tools,

observations, and through FGD. Secondary data

collection is done through the relevant SKPD,

District / Village profile data and secondary data on

various tourism businesses. As informants in this

Implications of Community Based Tourism (CBT) towards Community Welfare at around Teluk Kiluan Beach Tanggamus Regency

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507

study were: individuals, entrepreneurs and the

government. The results of observations, in-depth

interviews from Informers, and secondary data

documents will be processed by transcribing

interviews, compiling field notes from observations,

grouping, and organizing field data and then

analyzing.

4 ANALYSIS

4.1 The Principles of CBT in Tourism

Development

Theoretically the application of CBT can be

explained in two principles, namely economic and

non-economic. They are indicators applied in

tourism management. This principle contributes to

rural economic development, people living in small

cities with low living standards, by involving them

directly, including in preserving culture and

environment (Armstrong, 2012: 2; Giampiccoli and

Kalis, 2012: 174; Sebele , 2010: 137; Goodwin and

Santili, 2009: 4).

The principle uses a participatory approach to the

community, includes community ownership as a

partner, and the community as the manager, as well

as the results of tourism activities for the welfare of

the community and alleviating poverty.

Principles of Economics

This principle gave rise to individual perceptions

about the development of coastal tourism related to

the economic benefits that they gained, namely (1)

increasing prosperity, (2) employment, and (3)

encouraging the growth of independent businesses.

absorption of local labor, the growth of new business

fields, rising price prices, and rising income.

The tourism industry in Teluk Kiluan beach

tourism shows rapid development if seen from the

growth of productive businesses in the tourism

sector which is able to absorb labor. In general, local

workers are absorbed into technical work, are in

staff positions, and lack special skills or if they

demand skills, they can be taught on their own, but

qualitatively less promising. Career levels tend to

remain and they are vulnerable to being laid off.

Increased prices are characterized by high prices

of land around the coast. Some activities to make

villas, inns and home stays, have triggered marginal

land to be used as business locations by local

communities. This is one of the causes of rising land

prices.This is a market oriented in managing coastal

tourism development, this is marked by the

emergence of investor-based villas although limited

to individual investors and recreational spots for

superior ground and local crop tourism are such as:

petai, jengkol and durian.

The Non-Economic Principle

The principle of non-economy in the management of

coastal tourism is generally reflected in the

implementation of social, cultural, political, and

environmental indicators. However, around Teluk

Kiluan Beach other indicators were found that were

very instrumental in the management, ownership and

development partners of tourism. These indicators

were institutional involvement and use of

technology.

Social Indicator

The development of CBT based on social indicators

must provide improved quality of life for the

community. One of the measurements was delivered

by Andereck and Nyaupane, 2011: 95, namely the

perception of the population about the influence of

tourism development on the dimensions of tourism

life. A sense of pride as a citizen, a region that has

advantages and excellence in Kelumbayan District,

is part of improving the quality of life. The division

of gender work, the role of men and women in

tourism businesses, labeling the suitability between

male and female characteristics with tourism work,

and generating a double workload for women and

increasing security and confidence for all

surrounding communities, is an improvement in

quality other life.

Culture indicator

Tourists when tourism activities have life necessities

that must be met in tourist destinations. Meeting the

needs of tourists while in tourist destinations triggers

the interaction of tourists with local residents who

produce goods and services needed. In the process of

mutually beneficial interaction there is

communication between tourists and the local

community, each of whom will exchange

information. The process of exchanging information

between them has an effect on cultural exchanges in

the form of ideas, activities, and non-business

business cooperation.

The majority of tourists come from areas around

Jakarta, Banten and Palembang and the rest come

from the regions of South Lampung, East Lampung,

West Lampung, Tanggamus and the City of Bandar

Lampung and from Germany and Australia. Cultural

interactions that occur are complex because they

involve diverse cultures and sub-cultures with a

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system of values, customs, and physical culture

inherent in each.

The interaction of new knowledge about the way

of life of farmers, farming technology, how to

cultivate plants, and also the development of coastal

tourism and its derivatives is part of the local

wisdom of Teluk Kiluan community. This local

wisdom is adopted by tourists to improve their

cognitive abilities. As a result tourists can share the

same knowledge with others on other occasions.

Tourists also get learning from the community in the

form of a simple view of the farming community's

life, not being selfish, submitting, feeling grateful.

Other aspects that are exchanged during tourist-

community interactions relate to the use of language

including terms, dialects, tempo and tone of voice

used when communicating. Exchange of elements of

physical culture or artifacts includes changes in how

to use, choosing a dress model, choosing the

appearance of face and hair of the local community,

especially the younger generation, following tourist

styles, models and models that are considered more

up to date but not taking into account local

conditions or lacking cultural support local.

Political Indicator

Political aspects are closely related to access,

control, and community participation in developing

coastal tourism. Through this access, the community

has the opportunity to be involved so that they also

have a role in the decision-making process

associated with developing coastal tourism. Local

organizational political participation is quite high,

this illustrates the awareness of mutual interests,

shared goals, and awareness of people's rights in

decision making.

Environment Indicator

Theoretically, the carrying capacity of the

environment on coastal tourism is the maximum

number of tourists that can still be tolerated as many

as 84,000 people per year assuming that tourists in

the coastal area need an average space of 25 m2 per

person. At present the average number of tourists

coming to coatal tourism is still far from the

tolerance limit, which is an average of 500 people

per month and on a long holiday reaches 8,000

people.

Regarding the determination of carrying

capacity, the local community develops its own

calculations. There are three ways to determine the

maximum number of tourists that can still be

tolerated developed by the community in Teluk

Kiluan City attractions, namely (1) based on boat

capacity, (2) based on land capacity, and (3) based

on market interest. The first way, the determination

of the maximum limit or number of tourists tolerated

based on boat capacity is related to tourist

satisfaction. On average, each boat can be boarded

by 8 people. If more than this number, tourists do

not feel comfortable when in the waters of the high

seas to enjoy dolphins. Based on land capacity,

when there is a long holiday, the amount of waste

disposed linearly with the number of tourists causes

a dirty environment that is difficult to avoid. In

tourism objects, people only provide services for

eating, while other small food needs are anticipated

by tourists themselves. As a result, food waste in the

form of garbage can become a burden on the

environment.

4.2 Implications of the CBT Principle to

Community Welfare around Teluk Kiluan

Beach

The economic structure of the communities around

Kiluan coast has the character of the majority of

small and medium scale. Some characters that have

small scale are: (1) business management is

informal, (2) business ownership by individual

members of the community, and (3) business

location adjacent to the owner's residence and labor,

and sometimes not market-oriented. The high

absorption of community workforce is influenced by

external factors and internal factors. External factors

are factors that come from outside the community,

namely the economic structure around the coast of

Teluk Kiluan and government policy. Internal

factors are factors that originate in the community,

namely the characteristics of the community

workforce.

The level of education and business motivation

affect the ownership of tourism businesses. Business

ownership produces a work pattern based on the

closeness of relations, this is the near work that

causes low labor turnover, and unfair business

competition. Business motivation as the entry point

for the development of a distinctive tourism

independent business is supported by the mechanism

of business learning by the community.

The amount of income obtained by the

community is closely related to factors that can

affect their income, namely the pattern of local

product use in the tourism industry, market trends,

and the proportion of expenditure in tourism

expenditure as a whole. Community income derived

from tourism is not fully enjoyed because the

amount of tourist expenditure must still be used to

pay for business raw materials. If the raw material

Implications of Community Based Tourism (CBT) towards Community Welfare at around Teluk Kiluan Beach Tanggamus Regency

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509

for the business comes from around the community,

spending on purchasing raw materials will benefit

other communities. However, if the business raw

material used comes from outside the community /

import, it will cause income leakage or flow of

money out which can reduce community income.

Apart from the aspect of production, which is no

less important is the aspect of the market. The

perception of tourists about beach tourism can be an

indicator of whether this tour is an attraction that is

quite attractive to consumers and good prospects

going forward. In general, tourist perceptions about

access, community attitudes, services, attractions,

boat ticket prices, and positive food consumption

prices.

From the results of type analysis and the size of

tourism expenditure, an overview of tourism

shopping patterns and the amount of community

income is obtained. From the composition of

tourists' expenditure both individually and in groups

distributed to: Rent lodging (villa/home stay), food,

boat rental, and souvenirs. Tourist expenditure has

increased the income of the people who have the

main livelihood of gardening with details: income

from renting boats Rp. 3,600,000, rent home stay

Rp. 1,800,000, and consumption of Rp. 480,000 or

overall increase monthly income per family by Rp.

5,880.00. This income does not include income

outside of Saturdays and Sundays.

Increased income, and its distribution equitably

become drugs in reducing the dose of poverty

alleviation for individuals, communities and rural

organizations. The continuation of overall well-

being for the surrounding community becomes a

reality.

5 RESULTS

The results of research in the development of the

Gulf coast kiluan tourism apply economic principles

and non-economic principles are social, cultural,

political, and institutional.

The implications of CBT on the welfare of the

communities around the Gulf coast are characterized

by: the absorption of local labor, the development of

business units, the doubling of people's income, and

the growth and development of new investors.

Improving education, quality of life, changes in

social values, freedom of action, environmental

sustainability and involvement of institutional

strengths are the implications of implementing CBT

on non-economic welfare of society.

6 CONCLUSIONS

The development and development of community-

based tourism is interesting and needs to be

developed. Based on the qualitative data of key

informants and supporters in the field, it is known

that the principle of community-based tourism

management at a particular locus will be different

from other loci. This research found that institutions

and technology are necessary in applying the

principle of CBT. Furthermore, the application of

CBT has implications for improving people's

welfare, including economic dimensions and non-

economic dimension.

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